Malcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement - 1500 Words

During the 1960’s, the Civil Rights Movement involved ending segregation and inequality in order for black people in America to attain equality and justice. Although the whites and nonwhites were citizens of the United States of America, the whites had civil rights and they were superior, while the blacks didn’t have the same rights as the whites did and they were considered inferior. Many blacks protested about the blacks rights and eventually more people heard about it and decided to follow along. There were several civil rights leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and more, that wanted to end injustice for all black people in America. King and Malcolm X were willing to do anything they could to help the blacks get justice and equality, but the focal point here is about how Malcolm X’s views, such as the Nation of Islam, separation/segregation, Christianity, and violence relate to African Americans, race, and the Civil Rights Movement. Malcolm X had a lot of problems during his childhood. His father, Reverend Earl Little, was a â€Å"Baptist minister who’s an organizer for Marcus Aurelius Garvey’s U.N.I.A. (Universal Negro Improvement Association† (1) and his mother, Louise Little, was half-white and half-black. Out of his siblings, he had the lightest skin color, but although he had some white in him, he was taught to hate the â€Å"white rapist’s blood† (3) in him because of the terrible things the whites have done to African-Americans. When he was six years old,Show MoreRelatedMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement1180 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Civil Rights Movement, many came out of the crowd yearning for their voice to be heard. Freedom activists became well known throughout various parts of the United States, all with different ideas about how to approach such an enormous problem of injustice faced by Negros. With racial injustice at its hand, America was blessed to recei ve civil rights activists Malcolm X. In order to understand Malcolm X’s philosophies, one must look back and examine his past, paying attention to keyRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement1128 Words   |  5 PagesMalcolm X, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965, who was born Malcolm Little, was orphaned as a child. At the age of 6 his father was killed, and when he was 13 his mother was placed in a mental hospital, after which he went in and out of various foster homes. At the age of 20 Malcolm went to prison for larceny and Breaking and entering. As a result of going to prison, he ended up becoming a member of the group known as, the nation of Islam, and after leaving prison on parole in 1952, rapidly climbedRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Movement1045 Words   |  5 Pagesto the African American Civil Rights Movement there are many people that are seen as heroes. Some, like Malcolm X tend to be seen in a more negative light and it is often debated whe ther or not he was a good addition to the civil rights movement. In 1952 when Malcolm’s recognition rose he became one of the most influential speakers for black americans. His recognition came with controversy and he is often seen responsible for the violence before and after his death. Malcolm was very outspoken andRead MoreMalcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement includes social movements in the United States whose objective was to end racial segregation as well as discrimination against African-Americans. Civil rights are a class of rights that protects individuals freedom and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life. Civil rights include the ensuring of life and safety, protection from an individual. The United States tries to get voting rights for them. The phase of the movement began in 1954 and endedRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X1135 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, there was a famous leader whose protests were peaceful and non-violent. That man was Martian Luther King Jr., but many people have never heard of another Civil Rights leader. Even though his protests were different than King’s protests, he did his part and help with equality. This man was Malcolm Little, more famously known as Malcolm X. After a rough upbringing, Malcolm X led protests that differed which ended with his assassination. His protesting didn’t startRead MoreMalcolm X was a Symbol of the Civil Rights Movement1573 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare for it today.† Malcolm X The 1920’s, or the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, was a time in American history described as the â€Å"Wild West†. Prohibition brought controversy and anarchy to the once civilized American society, with mobs and gangs at the peak of their power with leaders such as Al Capone supplying alcohol and guns to the public. This was also a time of heightened racial segregation, with boundaries being set such as only white bathrooms and schools. Malcolm (X) Little was born in thisRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X: Icons for the Civil Rights Movement947 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two individuals who not only helped the African-American plight during the Civil Rights Movement, but served as icons to the history of their race. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in very different environments. King Jr. came from a middle class family where education was a significant value in his home life. Malcolm X, on the other hand, w as raised in a foster home after his father’s murder and his mom was put into a mental institution. He wasRead MoreComparison of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. in the Civil Rights Movement1214 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Civil Rights Movement, many leaders emerged that captured the attention of the American public. During this period, the leaders used different tactics in order to achieve change. Of two of the better-known leaders, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., the latter had a more positive influence in the progress of the movement. Each of these two leaders had different views on how to go about gaining freedom. While King believed a peaceful means would allow the blacks to achieve equalityRead MoreEssay Question: Assess the Extent That Malcolm X Achieved His Goals in The Civil Rights Movement in America. (Consider the Legacy Malcolm X Left Behind)2298 Words   |  10 PagesEssay Question: Assess the extent that Malcolm X achieved his goals in The Civil Rights Movement in America. (Consider the legacy Malcolm X left behind) Malcolm X aspired for justice and liberalisation for all African-American people during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He was a dynamic spokesperson and used religious concepts from the Nation of Islam to appeal to many African-Americans. Malcolm X was an activist for Black Nationalism and separation as solutions to the scourge of whiteRead MoreComparison on Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.: Who Had More Influence over the Civil Rights Movement1233 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the Civil Rights Movement, many leaders emerged that captured the attention of the American public. During this period, the leaders used different tactics in order to achieve change. Of two of the better-known leaders, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., the latter had a more positive influence in the progress of the movement. Each of these two leaders had different views on how to go about gaining freedom. While King believed a peaceful means would allow the blacks to achieve equality

Ethnographic Paper Free Essays

On November Seventh, 2012 at 1:39 PM I went to Naan Stop to continue my observations from before. I went in and it was the same employee who has been working there all eight times I’ve gone in. As usual I was the only person there, the radio was playing a popular pop song by the band One Direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnographic Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The owner of the store was in the back and popped out to say hello to me and ask how I was doing. I got my usual, a small mocha Boba and I waited as the employee, a young Mexican probably in his 20’s made the Boba with the same frown he has on every time I come in. I stayed in Naan stop for twenty minutes and no one came in. On November Sixth 4:50 PM I went to Naan stop with my friend and we got Boba. We were the only ones in there at first but then two Indian men in their late twenties came in and greeted the owner. They spoke in what I assumed was hindi and then switched to english and then back to hindi. I gathered that both the Indian men were graduate students at UCSB at some point and had returned for the weekend to say hello to old friends. I found it odd that they didn’t order anything from Naan Stop, they chatted with the owner and took a picture with him and then left. The music playing during their encounter was again pop culture. If there wasn’t Indian food and a couple of small cultural Indian statues one would never know it was an Indian Restaurant. My friend waited ten minutes after the Indian men left for new people to come in but got frustrated and left. I stayed for 40 minutes and within my 40 minutes two undergrad students came in and got pick up Indian and left, four girls all wearing their Alpha Phi letters came in ordered Boba and left. A middle aged man and his wife came in, I recognized them from two weeks ago when I was doing observations. The wife, similar to last time, was wearing an extremely low cut shirt and her breasts were actually spilling out. The man was in a wife beater, they ordered Indian food and were the first customers I’d seen in the last two days to actually eat the food at the restaurant. They were very loud and I’d assume that they were lower class or lower middle class. The woman went on and on about her â€Å"fancy† sister going to Mexico. She kept saying fancy with such disdain, the one Mexican employee perked up at the name of Mexico but then got uninterested and went back to staring at his phone as the lady went on and on how her sister had a better life. The man kept staring at me and I felt pretty uncomfortable, I believe he was aware that I was observing them. He whispered something to his wife and they both turned around and stared at me as I was pretending to text someone. They finished their dinner shortly after and as they threw out their trash the woman rolled her eyes at me. They resented being the objects of my observation and I’m pretty sure their anger stemmed from embarrassment. As soon as they left and were out of eye sight I packed up my things and left. How to cite Ethnographic Paper, Essay examples

Symbolism in Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin free essay sample

Symbolism in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the reader meets Sonny, a recovering addict, and his older brother, a high school teacher. Although these two brothers have completely different lives and personalities, the author’s use of symbolism brings them more tightly together like a real family. Baldwin uses symbols such as ice, lightness and darkness, and jazz music to add more depth and meaning to â€Å"Sonny’s Blues. † People usually think of ice or the cold as being bitter and causing discomfort. When it is cold outside, people wear jackets to eliminate the bitterness of the cold. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† Sonny uses heroine to escape the discomfort of the reality that is his life. Heroine is Sonny’s jacket. Also, ice can symbolize fright, dread, and the feeling of being unsettled. When the narrator, Sonny’s older brother, first reads the newspaper and finds out that Sonny was arrested, â€Å"he felt as if a great block of ice was sitting in his stomach†¦It sent little trickles of water up and down his veins, but never got less† (50). The ice that the narrator feels in his stomach is actually the feeling of fright. The narrator is scared for his brother and he feels partly guilty for not helping him in his time of need. When the ice is melting inside of the narrator’s stomach, the fright and shock is finally shrinking until the ice sends the trickles through his veins to remind him that something terrible has happened. Another example of the symbol of ice used by Baldwin is when a childhood friend of Sonny’s comes up to the narrator and asks if he has heard the bad news. Sonny’s friend tells the narrator about what will happen to Sonny after he is released from rehab and the narrator feels the ice again, â€Å"the same dread he had felt all day† (52). The same dread that the narrator was feeling earlier that day is coming back because he knows that it will be his responsibility to water over his younger brother. Baldwin’s use of ice in his story gives the reader a better understanding of the narrator’s fright and dread. Also, Baldwin’s symbol of ice explains one of the reasons that caused Sonny to have an addiction to heroine. Another symbol that Baldwin uses throughout the story is the symbol of lightness and darkness. Lightness and darkness usually symbolize good and vil. One example of darkness that Baldwin uses in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is when Mama, the narrator’s mother, was telling him about the death of his and Sonny’s uncle. After Mama told the story of the brothers’ uncle being run over and killed by a car full of white men, she said, â€Å"Your Daddy says he never in his life seen anything as dark as that road after the lights of that car had gone away† (58). In this example, Baldwin uses the darkness of the road to create a deeper meaning behind the uncle’s death and the father’s sadness. The reason the father felt as if nothing could ever be as dark as that road is because he experiences his only brother dying in front of him. Death, especially murder, is considered to be a very â€Å"dark† subject. When there is a funeral, mostly every person is wearing black or dark clothing because he is mourning over the death of a loved one. Another example is when the narrator reminisces on the days when all of the ‘old folks’ would sit around in the living room after church. â€Å"They would all sit in the chairs while the night is creeping up outside, but no one knows it yet†¦everyone is looking at something a child cannot see† (56). Baldwin uses the darkness of night as a symbol of death in this quote because the sun is setting on the â€Å"old folks’† lives. Also, the narrator says that the children cannot see death because they are too you to understand why life ends. Baldwin’s use of the symbol of darkness here adds depth to the fact that the children do not view life in the same ways that adults do because children have just started their lives while the adults have already lived most of their lives. On the other hand, light symbolizes all of the optimistic and hopeful components that are a part of life. Sometimes lightness is used to symbolize salvation. Baldwin uses light to denote the good things that to Sonny. For instance, at the end of the story as Sonny plays with his jazz band in a small club, the narrator says, â€Å"There is not any other tale to tell, it is the only light we have got in all this darkness† (70). The â€Å"tale† is the tale of what the blue is all about that Creole tells as he plays his fiddle. Baldwin uses this statement to add meaning to Sonny’s life by showing that music is his light. Through his music, Sonny escapes from all the darkness and suffering of his reality; jazz music is Sonny’s salvation. James Baldwin uses light to show warmth and hopefulness in the characters’ lives. Jazz music in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is symbolic in different ways to the characters. The narrator thinks that jazz music is â€Å"beneath Sonny† (59). He links jazz music with the kind of people who are not serious about life. To the narrator, jazz music symbolizes Sonny’s addiction to heroine. Baldwin uses the jazz music to demonstrate the hatred that the narrator has towards musicians and drugs. The narrator’s disgust of jazz music shows that he only wants more for his younger brother’s life. Sonny is the complete opposite of his older brother when it comes to jazz music; jazz is basically Sonny’s life. The narrator describes the music Sonny plays and says, â€Å"Sonny’s finger filled the air with life, his life† (70). In Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† jazz music symbolizes an escape from life for Sonny. Sonny is able to tell his story and his suffering through playing jazz music. Also, at the end of the story, the symbol of jazz music creates somewhat of a tie between the two brothers. When the narrator watches Sonny play at the club, he learns about a whole new side to his brother that he never knew. The narrator finally begins to appreciate the ‘blues’ that musicians are put through just to play their music. Baldwin’s use of the symbol of jazz music creates a deeper understanding and meaning behind â€Å"Sonny’s Blues. † Ice, lightness and darkness, and jazz music are symbols that James Baldwin uses in his story to create depth and deeper meaning. His use of the symbol of ice adds depth to how the narrator feels when he first hears of Sonny’s arrest. The symbol of lightness and darkness creates a deeper meaning of the good and the bad things that happen in the characters’ lives throughout the story.

The War Between the States free essay sample

A look at various causes for the American Civil War with an emphasis on slavery. This paper explores the social, economic and political reasons for the war as well as the aspect of slavery. The author emphasizes slavery as the main cause and examines how it contributed to political developments. The Civil War, also known as the War of Abolition, was the war that changed the lives of every American then living, and continues to affect our lives even today. Had the outcome been different, it would have changed the fate of the United States to a nation that prided itself on taking advantage of the rights of others. Over 600,000 US citizens died in this tragedy, all from the United States, in the war that took more American lives than any other war. The United States was founded upon the ideals that all mean are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on The War Between the States or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, slavery was seen as a necessity in the South, where about one-third of the total population consisted of slaves.

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essays

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essays A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essay A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy Social Policy Essay Essay Topic: 6th Grade 7th Grade There are 100s if non 1000s of pupils in any given school. The sheer size and magnitude of the pupil population encompassed in these schools leads to complications of school safety. Zero tolerance is a policy which was brought about implementing school safety more steadfastly, and aimed to better protect pupils. However, the manner in which these pupils are protected is extremely problematic, doing the zero tolerance political orientation really controversial. Precisely which attack is most effectual in protecting a pupil, allow entirely, 1000s? Is strictness more effectual than lenience? Excessively rigorous policies aim to protect the bulk, nevertheless, independently punish those who have to cover with the wrath of nothing tolerance, those who violate the regulations. Excessively indulgent policies can take to awful events, nevertheless, give pupils a sense of ground, in bend making an apprehension of what they have done incorrect. In the long tally which method is most effectual in protecting pupils? These type of inquiries, along with the extra sum of questionable instances, compose a extremely controversial subject. The well being of a pupil is the individual most of import factor for public schools. No parent would of all time direct their kid to school if there was a high chance of force. For this ground there are people who favor zero tolerance. Domoine D. Rutledge, general advocate for the East Baton Rouge Parish School System in Louisiana, reports that zero tolerance policies have aided in making a civilization interior schools that certain things will non be tolerated, period. However, whether or non that policy is effectual relies on how reasonably it s enforced and how systematically it s enforced. He continues stating that: Schools territories have had to truly equilibrate the involvement of the whole school, the pupil organic structure, instructors and module. . . every bit good as the rights of single bad histrions. The ability to strike that balance, and to make it reasonably, more than likely influences the effectivity of the zero-tolerance policies. Whether or non zero tolerance is effectual brings about more argumentative stuff. Statistical informations studies a important bead in school homicides following the 1999 school hiting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado strongly proposing, as Rutledge advocators, nothing tolerance has in fact led to safer schools for pupils. ( nces.ed.gov ) Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, stated that, The apprehension of a brace of New Jersey 8-year-olds for indicating paper guns at schoolmates was merely the sort of episode that leads people to oppugn zero-tolerance policies. ( Bill itteri ) Statements such as those insinuate a footing of anti-zero tolerance and farther complicate the contention. However it must be noted that, It s non so easy to separate the cut-up from the wild-eyed stripling with a [ lethal ] program when lives are at interest, Hymowitz says. ( Billitteri ) How is one supposed to cognize the purposes of a giving state of affairs? While the general consensus will no doubtingly hold that a brace of 8-year-olds pose small to no menace, on the little opportunity of an event occurring, the inquiries of why were nt they stopped or how could you presume will undeniably be asked, and in this sense, it is without a uncertainty better to presume the ugly and stop up being incorrect, than to presume no injury and stop up with fatal effects . Hymowitz continues, saying that, Zero tolerance may be more symptom than remedy for the uneasy disciplinary clime of our schools. Certainly it s no concluding reply to out-of-control 5-year-olds or revenge- crazed adolescents. But as the menaces continue and the bombs and guns appear, it s all we ve got. ( Billitteri ) Bringing back the subject of effectivity, those with the get-tough attitude informant no cogent evidence of zero tolerance policies making a safer environment in schools. In fact, a decennary of research on such policies by the American Psychological Association have concluded that zero tolerance can really increase bad behaviour and besides lead to higher dropout rates. Schools are non any safer or more effectual in training kids than before these zero-tolerance policies were implemented, the association said. ( APA ) There is much argument environing zero tolerance, nevertheless, the existent jobs arise when nothing tolerance is set in gesture. The inquiry at manus to those who oppose zero tolerance falls into the legitimacy and equity of penalty. In Newark, Delaware a 6 twelvemonth old male child took a encampment utensil which can be used as a knife, fork and spoon to school. Naturally anyone can safely presume there is no injury, nevertheless, Zachary Christie received 45 yearss in the territory s reform school. ( Urbina ) In this instance, the well being of the pupils environing Christie is thrown out of the window and it comes down to its consistence in being enforced. The male child clearly had no purpose in doing injury, nevertheless, was treated as if he was. The lone ground he was apprehended as a felon was to put an illustration. Those who think to convey anything similar to school, be it a fork, a knife, or gun, will believe back to Christie and decided non to. While this incident might look like one of a sort, unluckily, it is far from that. Zachary Christie is non entirely, there are smatterings of instances wh ich bring approximately much contention over zero tolerance. During October of 1999 in Atlanta, Georgia a 15 twelvemonth old South Cobb High School sophomore brought an unloaded gun to school. When school functionaries found the gun in his back pack he was instantly and for good expelled from the school territory. ( Skiba 3 ) A 6th grader at Whitman Middle School in Seattle, Washington brought a pip-squeak gun, painted black and brown to school during September of 1999. He was expelled after the gun fell out of his book bag during tiffin. ( Skiba 4 ) David Silverstein, a 7th grader in Glendale, Arizona, motivated by the movie October Sky, brought a homemade projectile to school made out of a murphy bit case shot. Considered a arm, school functionaries suspended him upon reaching. ( Skiba 4 ) During May of 1999 in Pensacola, Florida a sophomore received a 10 twenty-four hours suspension and was threatened with ejection after lending her nail limiters to a friend temporarily. Quoted f rom the principal, Life goes on. You learn from your errors. We are urging ejection. ( Skiba 4 ) On the forenoon of a late June twenty-four hours in 1998 two high school seniors in Pinellas County, Florida arrived to school and were instantly expelled. School functionaries were tipped off that the male childs had skipped school and smoked marihuanas with some friends. A federal entreaties tribunal ruled against the territory, saying that the school had non even a shred of grounds that the two male childs were under the influence at school. ( Skiba 5 ) In February of 1999 in Ewing, New Jersey a fresher was accused of taking drugs and was asked to see the school nurse to look into his pulsation and blood force per unit area. His leery behaviour which forced this drug screen upon him was because he dozed off in his societal surveies category. The chief instantly suspended him after he refused to subject to a drug trial. Finally the male child was forced into taking a drug trial as the rule declined to readmit him until he had done so. ( Skiba 5 ) A sophomore at Westlake High School in February of 1999 was suspended for two full school hebdomads after he announced his Gallic instructor was non fluid in the linguistic communication during the school s forenoon proclamations. School functionaries considered the remark as a verbal onslaught against the instructor in an effort to warrant their actions. ( Skiba 6 ) These instances do nil but illustrate the negative facets of zero tolerance. However, one can see the statement for nothing tolerance as any farther actions were eliminated before they could happen. Even though, at what point are schools directing the incorrect message, and finally, when will this incorrect message be more damaging to pupils? Another subject of treatment is the message nothing tolerance sends to the pupils. Should the penalty fit the offense? Those in favour of zero tolerance tend to believe the lone manner to clear up right from incorrect is to purely implement school policies, and systematically implement them. While this without a uncertainty protects the pupils from possible menaces, at the same clip one can oppugn whether or non this besides sends a negative message. Punishing a pupil for a junior-grade error with sedate effects instills fear among the pupil population and scares them into conformance. This is non a message pupils should be having. Treating those like Zachary Christie, to utilize as an illustration, can negatively impact their mental wellness. It s much more hard for Christie to state right from incorrect, and in his head, he has non done anything incorrect, yet still received penalty. To Christie he got punished for nil, which will impact his psychological well-being unconstructivel y. How will he larn from his error and how will he look at other things in life now that he has been independently punished for such a little and guiltless act? He is 6 old ages old, he does non necessitate to travel through this. Another negative facet of nothing tolerance is that it hinders instruction. Students unnecessarily miss school to function their penalty which besides leads to future jobs. Julia Steiny, a former member of the Providence School Board, reported that a child [ pupil ] who s been suspended is statistically at high hazard of dropping out of school. ( Steiny ) Supporting zero tolerance, Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, wrote that It s non so easy to separate the cut-up from the wild-eyed stripling with a [ lethal ] program when lives are at interest. ( Billitteri ) To school functionaries, the premise of swearing a pupil who has made a error, or is jesting about, is a much greater hazar d. One can non truly cognize the purposes of a given state of affairs, merely can one presume what is traveling on. To those who are pro-zero tolerance, safety comes foremost, no affair how complete. Zero tolerance is a really challenging subject merely because of the complexness behind it. Those in favour brand improbably obliging and persuasive statements. However on the impudent side, those who are against it do merely as valid statements. I believe there is excessively much information out at that place to be able to claim being on one utmost terminal of the spectrum, whether it s for or against zero tolerance. While to some extent zero tolerance is effectual, after traveling through the plethora sum of research, I finally believe zero tolerance is a hinderance and a negative facet on school safety. Not ended, but rethought I believe zero tolerance demands to travel through. While the nucleus thought behind it, safety for every pupil, sounds great on paper, in pattern, it has evidently failed. While there are non many, there are still several instances where little Acts of the Apostless have led to obscene penalties, wholly blown out of proportion. Another negative facet of n othing tolerance is that it sends the incorrect message to pupils. For these grounds, zero tolerance demands to stop in public schools, and needs to be rethought. Plants Cited American Psychological Association. Zero Tolerance Policies Are Not Equally Effective As Thought In Reducing Violence and Promoting Learning In School. APA Press Release. 9 Aug. 2006. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; www.apa.org/releases/zerotolerance.html gt ; . Billitteri, Thomas J. Discipline in Schools. CQ Press Electronic Library. 15 Feb. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php? id=cqresrre2008021500 gt ; . Hymowitz, Kay S. Zero Tolerance Is Schools First Line of Defense. Manhattan Institute. Newsday, 18 Apr. 2001. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; www.manhattan-institute.org gt ; . Indexs of School Crime and Safety: 2007 Executive Summary. National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) Home Page, a portion of the U.S. Department of Education. Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ gt ; . Steiny, Julia. Julia Steiny: Zero-tolerance policies in schools need to stop. Rhode Island, Providence, intelligence, athleticss, amusement, ads | The Providence Journal. 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.projo.com/opinion/columnists/content/edwatch_0531_05-31-09_HOEGMRG_v7.29f5eaa.html gt ; . Trump, Ken. Zero Tolerance and School Safety. School Safety and School Security Experts: National School Safety and Security Services. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.schoolsecurity.org/trends/zero_tolerance.html gt ; . Skiba, Russell J. Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. Indiana University: Indiana Education Policy Center, 2009. Urbina, Ian. It s a Fork, It s a Spoon, It s a Weapon? The New York Times Interrupting News, World News A ; Multimedia. 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/education/12discipline.html gt ; .

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse An anchoress is (was) a woman who withdraws from secular life for religious purposes, a female religious hermit or recluse. The male term is anchorite. Anchoresses and anchorites lived in seclusion, often in remote locations or walled into a room with only a shuttered window through which food was passed. The position of anchorite is still recognized in canon law of the Roman Catholic church as one form of consecrated life. The position was not one, generally, of complete seclusion. The anchoress was to be kept in connection with a church, and visitors to the anchoress, who could talk to her through a window in her cell, often came seeking prayers or practical advice.  She spent her time in prayer and contemplation, but often also engaged in writing and such typical women’s activities like embroidery. The anchoress was expected to eat and dress simply. An anchoress needed permission from a bishop to take up the life of semi-reclusion. He would determine if she was likely to adapt to the life of an anchoress and whether she had adequate financial support (this was not a way for the poor to be fed).  The bishop would oversee the anchoress’ life and make sure she was cared for well.   A special rite of enclosure marked the agreement between the church and the anchoress, and her dedication to the enclosed life. This ceremony echoed a burial or entombment, with last rites, as ritually the anchoress was dead to the world. Anchorhold The room, called an anchorhold or anchorage, was often connected to a church wall.  The cell had very little in it, just a bed, crucifix and altar. According to the Ancrene Wisse (see below) the cell was to have three windows.  One was on the outside so that people could visit the anchoress and seek her advice, counsel, and prayers.  Another was to the inside of the church.  Through this window, the anchoress could experience the worship service in the church, and could also be given communion.  A third window allowed an assistant to deliver food and take away waste. Sometimes there was a door to the anchorhold that was locked as part of the enclosure ceremony At death, it was customary to bury the anchoress in her anchorhold.  The grave was sometimes prepared as part of the enclosure rite. Examples Julian of Norwich  (14th and 15th centuries) was an anchoress; she did not live in complete seclusion though she was walled into her chamber. The chamber was connected to a church, she had a servant walled in with her and she sometimes advised pilgrims and other visitors. Alfwen (12th century England) was an anchoress who helped Christina of Markyate hide from her family, who were trying to force Christina into marriage. Among anchorites (male religious recluses enclosed in cells), Saint Jerome is one of the most famous, and is depicted in his cell in several art treatments. Living in a convent, as did figures like Hildegard of Bingen  and Hrotsvitha von Gandershei, was not the equivalent of being an anchoress. Background of the Term Anchoress Anchoress, and the related term anchorite, are derived from the Greek verb anacwre-ein or anachoreo, meaning â€Å"withdraw.†Ã‚  The Ancrene Wisse (see below), compares the anchoress to an anchor which holds a ship during storms and waves. Ancrene Wisse translation: anchoresses rule (or manual) Also Known As:  Ancren Riwle, Ancrene Rule An unknown 13th-century author wrote this work describing how women could live in religious seclusion.  A few convents used the rule in their order. The Ancrene Wisse is written in a dialect common in the West Midlands in the 13th century. There are eleven manuscripts known, some merely in fragments, written in Middle English. Four others are translated into Anglo-Norman French and another four into Latin. The writer J.R.R. Tolkien researched and edited this text, published in 1929. Popular Culture The 1993 movie Anchoress is modeled after a 14th-century anchoress, quite loosely.  In the film, Christine Carpenter, who is a peasant girl, is locked up at the urging of the priest who has designs on her. The priest tries and convicts her mother of being a witch, so Christine digs her way out of her cell. Robyn Cadwallader published a book, The Anchoress, in 2015, about a girl in the 13th century who became an anchoress.  Sarah takes up the life of an anchoress in order to avoid her landlord’s son, who has designs on her; for her, becoming an anchoress is a way to protect her virginity.

Board of directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Board of directors - Essay Example Some of these challenges include deficiency in the development of adequate Islamic markets for financial and cash investments. There is also an absence of capital structures of investment in Kuwait financial system since weak asset and liability management system curtailed with deficiency of risk management policies. Kachel and his co-authors further add that Kuwait lacks a flexible liquidity market which could allow Islamic Financial Institutions. Due to weak governance factors, the global financial crisis of 2008 had affected Islamic Financial Institutions. The formation of Capital Market Authority in Kuwait led to the prohibition of money laundering, license for stock markets were introduced, foreign funds were regulated, set up of investment standards, use of Arabic language, market fee was set at KWD 50,00 for foreign investment, purchase of credit regulation was introduced. In conclusion, the introduction of Capital Markets Authority, in Kuwait, has significantly improved its governance of its Islamic financial institutions. This has been achieved through several sound regulations, which keep its corporations either owned by the government or foreign in

Guarding the Physician-Patient Relationship Assignment - 21

Guarding the Physician-Patient Relationship - Assignment Example The paper tells that the patient often displayed optimism to battle his illnesses and was eager to bounce back to the industry. The doctor believes the patient should have chosen life instead of death. While his condition was beginning to improve, he started to become a pessimist. He constantly talked about suicidal feelings that the doctor dissuaded him from entertaining. However, he seemed not to care in spite of doctor’s professional warning. This essay explores how soon after death does a death certificate have to be signed. A death certificate is often signed immediately the family or next of kin applies to claim the body of the deceased. It is a process must be ratified by a coroner or mortuary attendant who oversees the legality of claimants before issuing the body. Similarly, signing must be overseen by the coroner who has prepared the body in collaboration with the Health ministry. The death certificate must remain with immediate next of kin mentioned in the deceasedà ¢â‚¬â„¢s will such as the children or the widow. In spite of the advantages offered by Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to physicians and their practices, the adoption of EHRs is still impossible. First, EHRs are expensive to adopt because they require qualified personnel with enough knowledge to ensure the systems do not fail. Second, involves contravention of privacy and confidentiality of patients as spelled out in Health ethics. In other words, EHRs may use the patient’s records for other uses and not for medical purposes.

Crowd Management in Sport Facilities Essay Example for Free

Crowd Management in Sport Facilities Essay When conditions or circumstances warrant substantial levels of wariness, crowd management as a consequence becomes prudent. The key in getting a safe and comfortable environment for large packs of people is in planning for their management. There is considerable prominence on crowd management planning and implementation since it is important to provide a safe environment for everyone. Crowd management must take into account all the rudiments of an event especially the type of event, for example a circus, sporting, concert, or carnival event. It must also view characteristics of the facility, dimension and demeanor of the crowd, methods of entry, communications, crowd control, plus queuing (Herb, 1998). As in all management, it must also include planning, arranging, staffing, directing in addition to evaluating. Crowd management is best defined as every element of the game or event from the design of the stadium to the game itself as well as the protection of the customers from unforeseeable risk of danger from other persons or from the actual facility itself. The main criteria for gouging if crowd control procedures are sufficient and suitable depend on the kind of event, threats of aggression, existence and sufficiency of the emergency arrangement, expectation of crowd size in addition to seating arrangement, known rivalries among teams along with schools, and the use of security personnel (Herb, 1997). Crowd management is therefore paramount in sports facilities and venues because of the large masses that throng such places. Some facilities involve more sport management than others, thus would require more crowd management during functions. Venues should be primarily assessed for safety and its ability to hold large crowds. From the evaluation, the results should be processed, conclusions drawn, proposals made and a report written to all parties involved. The team that carries out such a task should be well trained in this area and used to dealing with all sorts of events, particularly sports. Reference Herb, A. (1998) Risk Management in Sport: Issues and Strategies. London, Carolina Academic Press Miller, L. (1997) Sport Business Management. New York, Jones Barlett Publishers.

Lean Management :: Business, Manufacturing

Lean management is a thought process and a philosophy, not a tool, used to look at a business weather it is manufacturing, service or any other activity with a supplier and a customer relation with the goal of eliminating non-value added tasks (Womack, Jones, Ross, 1990). The principles of lean production include teamwork, communication, efficient use of resources and continuous improvement (Kaizen). It can be said that they pioneered the idea of applying the concepts outside of manufacturing environments. The objective of lean production is a system for organising and managing product development, operations, suppliers, and customer relation that requires less human effort, less space, less capital, less material and less time to make products with fewer defects to precise customer desires, compared with the previous system of mass production (Marchwinski & Shook, 2004). The concepts of both Ohno (1988) and Womack and Jones (2003) search for ways to reduce lead time by eliminating w aste it can be said that the terms â€Å"Lean† and â€Å"Toyota Production System† are synonymous. Lean management is not restricted to the actions that take place in the manufacturing function of a company, rather it relates to activities range from product development, procurement and manufacturing over to distribution. Together these areas create the lean enterprise. The ultimate goal of implementing lean production in an organization is to have the customer in focus when improving productivity, enhancing quality, shortening lead times, reducing costs etc. These are factors representing the performance of a lean production system. The determinants of a lean production system are the actions taken, the principles implemented and the changes made to the organization to achieve the desired performance (Karlsson & Ahlstrom, 1996) There are multiple ways to combine the individual practices to represent the multi-dimensional nature of lean manufacturing. In combining these practices, the researcher has to compete with the technique used to combine and the actual content of the combinations. The dominant method in operations management literature has been to use exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis to combine individual practices in a multiplicative function to form orthogonal and unidimensional factors (Flynn et al., 1995; Cua et al., 2001; Shah & Goldstein, 2006). A review of research from organization theory, and labour and human resource management shows less reliance on factor analysis and offers multiple ways for combining individual practices and creating an index. One such method is the additive index used by Osterman (1994) and MacDuffie (1995) in developing â€Å"bundles† of interrelated human-resource management practices.

Enterprise Rent-a-Car Essay

Question 1 With the support of relevant examples from the given case: a) Define personnel management and human resource management, and discuss TWO major differences between the two concepts. (6 marks) b) Analyze TWO potential external business environment challenges faced by Enterprise Rent-a-Car and their implications on the Company. (10 marks) c) Based on the challenges analyzed in Question 1b), above, suggest effective human resource planning process and methods, that can be used by Enterprise Rent-a-Car in determining the manpower needs for it’s international business expansion. Justify your answer with specific examples. (10 marks) Introduction This question will focus on defining and differentiating Personnel Management from HRM, it will also examine some technological and social challenges, as potential external business environment challenges faced by the company, and will discus an effective HR Planning process and method to address those challenges. a) Definitions and Differences Personnel Management: Is the administrative discipline which mainly works around Industrial/ Employee/ Labour Relations and activities connected with grievance handling,  negotiations, enforcement of labour statute, looking after welfare of employees and so on. Human Resource Management: The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization and more integrated towards the goals and strategy of the company. One difference between PM and HRM is that in PM, the power distribution is centralized where the top management has full authority in decision-making. Personnel managers are not allowed to take part in any decision which involves employees, or give ideas. HRM, looks for the decentralization of power, where the power between the top, middle and lower management groups is shared. This can be noticed in the Enterprise Career Path graphic in page 4, case study. Mayor responsibilities are shared between General Manager, Group Rental Manager, Area Manager and Branch Manager. Another difference between PM and HRM is that, pay policies in PM is merely based on skills and knowledge required for the perspective jobs only. The value is based on the ability to perform the task and duties required. In HRM, organizations look beyond pay for functional duties. The pay is designed to encourage continuous improvement and job performance. Enterprise applies this concept when they encourage their employees to â€Å"develop a career† instead of â€Å"just perform a task†, by providing training and mentoring to those employees, and, providing opportunities for professional growth by making promotions and transfers available, other than that just the payment. b) External Business Environment Challenges Technological challenge: the rented vehicles tracking system combines the use of automatic vehicle location in each individual vehicle, with software that collects these fleet data for a comprehensive picture of vehicle locations, very helpful for real time updates and for client monitoring in case of  accidents. Nowadays, GPS is commonly used as a vehicle tracking system. This system needs to be monitored and maintained by qualified persons to ensure they work at their best. If these systems do not work properly , services won’t be delivered as they should and customer dissatisfaction will occur. This will result in losses, bad publicity and even a fatality in the event of an accident. Social challenge: the diversity of the labour force might encounter some cultural differences that might need to be addressed to avoid confrontation and to provide a calm, respectful and tolerant work environment. People integration is very important because otherwise the work environment will be tense, co-worker relationships and productivity might be affected. c) HR Planning and Process For the Technological challenge described in item b), above, the Human Resource Planning and Methods suggested would be based in external human resource suppliers. Enterprise has an organizational need to add a department which primary task would be to manage all the communications between the vehicles‘ tracking systems and have all the data updated real time for customer enquiries and monitoring. Enterprise also needs someone to maintain all the systems and software. To be able to achieve all this a lot infrastructure and investment is required, so the solution is to externally recruit a company that provides this services, after evaluating few candidates. For the Social challenge described in item b), above, the Human Resource Planning and Methods suggested would be based in internal human resource supply. The personalities of the staff will be evaluated, the most charismatic one will be appointed as the leader of the Enterprise Social Club, NZ Branch. This Club will be self managed by the staff, promoting interaction, understanding and tolerance between the employees. A local venue will be selected for gatherings, parties and any social event that involves the company. Conclusion The purpose of the question was to determine why and how important HRM is, when dealing with the quantity and quality of the people of a company, and, when trying to fit the objectives, strategies and challenges to a number of employees. SECTION 2: Job analysis and Job design. (24 marks) Question 2 Select ONE of the positions stated in the Enterprise Career Path (on page 4) and suggest the job analysis process and methods you will use to design the position description, person specification and competency profile for this position. (12 marks) Justify your answer with: †¢ A brief explanation of job analysis and TWO of its purposes, †¢ relevant methods/techniques, †¢ specific types of data to be collected for this position, and †¢ relevant examples. Introduction. This question will focus on defining and explaining the purposes of Job Analysis, it will also examine the method, technique and data used to create the Position Description, Person Specification and Competency Profile for an Assistant Manager‘s job. Definition and Purposes of Job Analysis. In a job analysis we study the tasks and skills that make up an employee’s role, the conditions under which those tasks are performed, and the required contacts with others. It is used for writing position descriptions because it’ll summarize the role of a job in the organization, and, in recruitment and selection because it’ll highlight the characteristics a candidate needs to have to fulfill the post. Method and Technique. A relevant method that was used was competency based profiling,by integrating other methods such as observation, and company documentation, to collect the  data from the case study. This methods will determine the skills, knowledge and behaviors that will ensure a successful work performance from the employee. In this case , for an Assistant manager, some of  the competencies that Enterprise look for are: to be able to adapt to suit the audience, to work cooperatively, get things done creatively, amongst others. Types of Data collected for this position. For this position the following data was identified: Position: Assistant Manager Duties: provide great customer experience, market the business, sell the service, deal with business partners such as insurance companies, dealerships and auto body shops. Work environment: branch office. Relationships: – internal: supervises management assistant and reports to branch manager. – external: business partners and customers. Qualifications and experience: studying first or second year uni + initial classroom based session and on the job training as Management Assistant. Skills: customer service focus, persuasiveness, flexibility, results driven, leadership ability, communication. Example of Job Description, Person Specification and Competency Profile. These elements were integrated in a draft for advertising the position. Assistant Manager for new branch office in NZ. Full time position available for an experienced Assistant Manager at Enterprise-Rent-A-Car, with exceptional selling and communication abilities. The job will require the person to: provide great customer experience, market the business, sell the service, deal with business partners such as insurance companies, dealerships and auto body shops. Previous qualifications or equivalent experience requirements: studying first or second year uni + initial classroom based session and on the job training as Management Assistant. As an Assistant Manager,you will be reporting directly to the Branch Manager and you will be expected to see issues and needs from a customer perspective, to adapt to suit the audience, to be creative about getting things done, to start growing the leaders and managers of the future by supervising the Management Assistant, and to support the professional Enterprise reputation. If you posses skills such as being customer service focused, persuasive, results driven, leadership abilities and communication, we invite you to apply filling the Application Form. Conclusion. This question has explained the central importance of developing an accurate Job Analysis. Demonstrating how all the data gathered from this analysis is used to create a clear and effective Job Description which includes Position Description, Person Specification and Competency Profile. Question 3 Suggest, with justification, FOUR best job designs to be used for the position discussed in Question 2, above, so that it can contribute to the organization effectiveness and the needs of individual workers at Enterprise Rent-a-Car. (12 marks) Include in your answer: †¢ a brief explanation of job design and TWO of its purposes, †¢ FOUR best job designs for use in the given situation, and †¢ relevant examples. Introduction. This question will focus on defining and explaining the purposes of Job Design, it will also examine the best job designs for the proposed Assistant Manager‘s job. Definition and Purposes of Job Design. Job design are all the tasks and activities associated with a particular role. One purpose of job design is to increase employee motivation and productivity. It also helps in designing, redesigning, evaluating and also cutting back responsibilities from a job, adding extra responsibilities to another particular job, trying to match the person’s capabilities with the role. Best Job Designs for the position of Assistant Manager. Job enlargement: this could be used to increase the job scope of the Management assistant to cover the duties of the Assistant manager. Job enrichment: this could be used to increase the job depth of the Management assistant by upgrading the job task mix, increasing motivation and giving the the employee the potential of growth within the company. Workplace flexibility program: this will offer flexible hours of work where the employe could start early and finish early, or having to cover a minimum of weekly hours in the time that is more convenient to the employee, this is attractive for students and parents as they can manage their time more freely. Job sharing: this method could be used to integrate the New Assistant Manager with the organizational culture of the company while temporary sharing the responsibilities with a more experienced Assistant Manager from another branch. Conclusion This question has explained how a Job Design for a particular role can accommodate different types of candidates, starting from people who would like their duties increased, passing through people who would like their job tasks mix upgraded and a more flexible time schedule, to people who could share responsibilities for mutual learning. SECTION 3: Recruitment & Selection. (30 marks) Question 4 If Enterprise Rent-a-Car plans to open a new branch in one of the cities in New Zealand, what would be the BEST recruitment strategy for this new branch to attract qualified candidates for the position you discussed in Question 2, above? (15 marks) Justify your answer with: †¢ the purpose of your proposed recruitment strategy for the selected position at this new branch, †¢ THREE best recruitment methods you would use, †¢ ONE benefit and ONE constraint for each of these recruitment methods, †¢ TWO New Zealand legislative requirements that would affect your recruitment strategy, and †¢ relevant examples. Introduction. This question will focus on describing the Recruitment strategy and method that’ll be used to attract candidates to the Assistant Manager position. Purpose of the Recruitment Strategy. The recruitment strategies that I proposed have the purpose to provide a pool of candidates from where the most suitable candidates will be picked. Recruitment Methods, their Benefits and Constraints. The first recruiting method would be an internal one: a transfer, I would  advertise an application form to transfer an experienced Assistant manager from one of the existing branches. This ensures that the person taking this position has the required experience and knowledge for the role, and that he/she is already familiar with the company’s methods. However this will leave a vacancy in the other branch. The second one is an internal one as well, promotion. I would advertise an application form to promote a Management Assistant from another branch to the position of Assistant Manager. This method can increase motivation within the staff because they see career growth opportunities. However, this can create a high competitive environment where friction between staff members can occur. The third recruiting method that I would use would be an external one, I would advertise the job position to local independent contractors. This might bring a candidate that brings new and fresh ideas to the company and it’s familiar with the new area of the branch in NZ. This method allows to hire people that are specialized in certain areas of expertise. However, this can be expensive. New Zealand legislative requirements that would affect Recruitment Strategies Privacy Act 1993, which establish the rules for dealing with the personal information collected from an employee. Human Right Act, which is designed to ensure that selection of future employees and the promotion of existing ones occur without any discrimination against any particular sector of society. Conclusion For me, the best recruiting strategy in this case is a mixed strategy. Integrating internal and external methods to get the best pool of candidates possible, divided in two groups, one with the ones with the possibility of being transferred or promoted, and another one with the local independent contractors. Question 5 What is the BEST selection strategy you would use to fill in the selected position discussed in Question 4, above? (15 marks) Justify your answer with: †¢ the purpose of your proposed selection strategy for the selected position at this new branch, †¢ THREE best selection methods you would use, †¢ ONE benefit and ONE constraint for each of these selection methods, †¢ TWO New Zealand legislative requirements that would affect your selection strategy, and †¢ relevant examples. Introduction. This question will focus on describing the Selection strategy and method that’ll be used to choose the most suitable candidate for the Assistant Manager position. Purpose of the Selection Strategy. The selection strategies that I proposed have the purpose to narrow the number of candidates for the position of Assistant manager . Selection Methods, Benefits and Constraints. The first selection method that I’d use would be Application Forms customized into two types of candidates, candidates that could apply for possible transfer or promotion on one side, and the ones that could apply as private contractors in the other. The second method that I’d use would be a Face-To-Face interview with the candidates selected for possible transfer or promotion, and the ones selected as private contractors. Then create a shortlist with the qualified candidates. The third selection method that I would use, and that also is a standard of the Enterprise recruitment process, would be an Assessment Day. The shortlisted candidates will take part in practical exercises, individual and group activities. New Zealand legislative requirements that would affect Selection Strategies Employment Relations Act 2000, which establish that either party must not mislead each other in their obligations to each other. (Obligations of good faith) Human Right Act, which is designed to ensure that selection of future employees and the promotion of existing ones occur without any discrimination against any particular sector of society. Conclusion The best Selection Strategy for this proposed position of Assistant Manager is one that integrates Application Forms,to gather the required data, Face-To-Face interviews, to asses first impressions, personality, basic social skills, and an Assessment Day, for group development and team work. SECTION 4: Training Process and Personal Learning and Development Plan. (30 marks) Question 6 One of the competencies outlined in the Skills and Competencies Framework on page 5, above, is customer service focus. Select one of the positions outlined in Enterprise Career Path ( on page 4, above) and discuss how you would use a training process model to prepare, organize, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a Customer Service Training Program for the job holders of this position at the new branch in one of the cities of New Zealand. Support your answer with relevant concepts and examples. Invent details as appropriate. Introduction. This question will focus on describing The Training Process Model for a Customer Service Training Program for the position of Assistant Manager (AM). This Program will allow the AM to acquire new skills and knowledge via multimedia material, online assessment and on the job observations. The Training Process Model for a Customer Service Training Program for the position of Assistant Manager (AM). The Training Process Model that I would use involves the following given steps: Step 1: Customer Service Training Program Preparation. In this phase the Customer Service contents related to the duties of the AM position, such as: being able to provide great customer experience, market the business, sell the service, deal with business partners such as insurance companies, dealerships and auto body shops, are identified,the multimedia content is developed. Step 2: Customer Service Training Program Organization. In this phase the content is arranged in learning units and the decision to make the program a Online Web-based Multimedia Training Program is taken. Topics such as: â€Å"Understanding the customer†, â€Å"Customer satisfaction and customer delight†, â€Å"Benefits of Good Customer Service†, â€Å"Internal and External Customers†, etc, will be available 24/7 online. The AM will be able to log in and follow the training at his/hers own pace. Step 3: Customer Service Training Program Implementation. In this phase the Program material is unlocked so the AM can access it via his/hers log in details. The units and lessons are delivered in a variety of formats, video streaming, written essays and case studies. The material will be available 24/7 and this implementation method allows the management to track the participant’s progress. Step 4: Customer Service Training Program Evaluation. In this phase the Participant, in this case the AM, will have to answer scheduled online quizzes, summit written essays, and he/she will be monitored for positive changes in behavior when engaging customers which demonstrates the degree of the Online Web-based Multimedia Training Program effectivity. Question 7 Assume you are in the position discussed in Question 6 , above, develop a Personal Learning and Development Plan (PLDP) that would meet your individual organizational needs of the new branch. Include in your PLDP the following elements: a) The General Competency Questionnaire you have completed ( see page 69 in your Course book ) (3 marks) b) Based on your answer in Question 7a), above, complete the Personal Learning and Development Plan for the position you selected for the discussion. This PLDP will include the following elements: †¢ Learning needs analysis †¢ Learning methods †¢ Learning outcomes †¢ Evaluation of learning outcomes Introduction. This question will focus on illustrating the PLDP based on my General Competency Questionnaire results. This results showed some competencies which need improvement in order to better match the requirements for the role of AM. The following table summarizes the PLDP elements and their relationships, for example, the learning need of â€Å"speaking and presenting to groups† was identified. The learning outcome of this need is â€Å"to deliver important conversations in a confident and articulated way†, the learning methods chosen to improve this area are: â€Å"Videos and Verbal Communication Coaching, body  language.† The ways these learning methods will be analyzed are by Off the job short lectures and presentations. PLDP for an Assistant Manager Learning Method Learning Outcomes Evaluation of Learning Outcomes Communication outwardly. Demonstrations about corporate communication behaviors. Support the professional Enterprise reputation. Superiors’ and stakeholders feedback. Speaking and presenting to groups. Videos and Coaching about public speeches, verbal communication and body language. To deliver important conversations in a conï ¬ dent and articulated way. Off the job – Short Lectures and Presentations. Managing stress & conï ¬â€šict. Role play simulating stressful situations, and demonstrations. To be able to cope with changing circumstances. Co-worker feedback On the job reactions to stressful situations. Developing positive relationships. Demonstrations and case studies about positive relations, positive environments. to be able to maintain and induce positive relationships inside the company. Co-worker feedback. Managing upwards and sideways. Programed demonstrations and group exercises. To be able to work cooperatively. Peers’ and Superiors’ feedback. Learning Need Conclusion From the graphic above I conclude that in order for me to be compatible and capable of taking the Assistant Manager job, I have to improve some important skills like persuasiveness, communication, leadership abilities, patience and a open mind

Math Ia Type 2 Stellar Numbers.

Math SL Investigation Type 2 Stellar Numbers This is an investigation about stellar numbers, it involves geometric shapes which form special number patterns. The simplest of these is that of the square numbers (1, 4, 9, 16, 25 etc†¦) The diagram below shows the stellar triangular numbers until the 6th triangle. The next three numbers after T5 would be: 21, 28, and 36. A general statement for nth triangular numbers in terms of n is: The 6-stellar star, where there are 6 vertices, has its first four shapes shown below:The number of dots until stage S6: 1, 13, 37, 73, 121, 181 Number of dots at stage 7: 253 Expression for number of dots at stage 7: Since the general trend is adding the next multiple of 12 (12, 24, 36, 48 etc†¦) for each of the stars, so for S2 it would be 1+12=13, and for S3 it would be 13+24=37 General statement for 6-stellar star number at stage Sn in terms of n: For P=9: Since S1 must equal 1 then we can prove this formula by showing that:So the first six t erms are: 1, 19, 55, 109, 181, 271 Therefore the equation for the 9-Stellar star at For P=5: Since S1 must equal 1 then we can prove this formula by showing that: So the first six terms are: 1, 11, 31, 61, 101, 151 So the expression for 5-Stellar at General Statement for P-Stellar numbers at stage Sn in terms of P and = For P-Stellar number equals 10: For P-Stellar number equals 20: The General Statement works for all number fro 1 to positive infinity.The equation was arrived at since the sum of arithmetic series can be found using , since the difference is always 2P then we can replace 2P with d, and since u1 is always equal to 1, we can replace it with 1 every time. The at the end of the equation serves the purpose of making the difference between the numbers in the series constant. This form of the equation will allow for only one variable to change, which will be . One of the things the student realized while solving this investigation was that the second term is always equal to , but the derived equation which is also works.

How to Study for a College Midterm

How to Study for a College Midterm Midterms can be intimidating, whether youre a first-semester college student or getting ready to graduate. Because your grade might be heavily dependent on how you do on your midterm exams, being as prepared as possible is important for your success. But just what are the best ways to prepare? In essence: how do you study for a midterm in the best way possible? 1. Go to Class Regularly and Pay Attention If your midterm is over a month away, your class attendance might seem pretty disconnected from your study plan. But going to class every time, and paying attention while youre there, is one of the most effective steps you can take when preparing for a midterm or other important exam. After all, the time you spend in class involves you learning and interacting with the material. And its much better to do so in shorter snippets over the course of a semester than to try to learn, in just one night, all of the things that have been covered over the last month in class. 2. Stay Caught Up with Your Homework Staying on top of your reading is a simple but highly important step to take when preparing for midterms. Additionally, if you really focus on your reading the first time you complete it, you can do things like highlighting, taking notes, and making flashcards that can later be transformed into study aids. 3. Talk to Your Professor About the Exam It may seem obvious or even a little intimidating, but talking to your professor in advance of the exam can be a great way to prepare. He or she can help you understand concepts youre not totally clear on and can tell you where to best focus your efforts. After all, if your professor is both the writer of the exam and someone who can help you be efficient in your preparations, why wouldnt you use him or her as a resource? 4. Begin Studying at Least One Week in Advance If your exam is tomorrow and youre just starting to study, then youre not really studying youre cramming. Studying should take place over a period of time and should allow you to really understand the material, not just memorize it the night before an exam. Beginning to study at least one week in advance is a smart way to reduce your stress, prepare your mind, give yourself time to absorb and remember the material youre learning, and overall do well when exam day finally arrives. 5. Come Up With a Study Plan Planning to study and planning how to study are two very different things. Instead of staring blankly at your textbook or course reader during the time youre supposed to be preparing, come up with a plan. For example, on certain days, plan to review your notes from class and highlight key elements you need to remember. On another day, plan to review a particular chapter or lesson that you think is especially important. In essence, make a to-do list of what kind of studying youll do and when so that, when you do sit down for some quality study time, you can make the most of your efforts. 6. Prepare Any Materials Youll Need in Advance If, for example, your professor says its okay to bring a page of notes to the test, make that page well in advance. That way, youll be able to refer to what you need quickly. The last thing you want to be doing during a timed exam is learning how to use the materials you brought with you. Additionally, as you make any materials youll need for the exam, you can use them as study aids as well. 7. Be Physically Prepared Before the Exam This may not seem like a traditional way of studying, but being on top of your physical game is important. Eat a  good breakfast,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹get some sleep,  have the materials youll need already in your backpack, and check your stress at the door. Studying involves preparing your brain for the exam, and your brain has physical needs, too. Treat it kindly the day before and the day of your midterm so that all of your other studying can be put to good use.

Patient Advocacy Concept Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patient Advocacy Concept - Research Paper Example Advocates act as informers to the decision making process of the patient, support their patients and allow the patient to make her independent decisions. A nurse advocacy can include acting for a patient, defending, speaking and supporting the patient. In addition, an advocate can be a linkage that reduces the communication breach between the patient, the system of health care and other professionals. Various people think they understand the concept of patient advocacy (De, 2006), but they, sometimes do not recognize the origin of the concept. Patient advocacy concerns any task that directly favors the sick. Patient advocacy can apply to care provision for an individual victim, to teams that make policies and directions that assist the patients, to groups of government that make Legislations enhance patient processes and systems. The patient advocacy concept refers to various efforts to help sick people and their interests in the health care system context, (Kohnke, 1987). The discus sion aims at expounding the patient advocacy concept as defined by various prominent experts in practice of advocacy. This will provide a better understanding of the concept as used in nursing. Additionally, analysis of the concept will offer an intensive understanding of personal and specialized functions related to patient advocacy and its main goals, methodologies, benefits and limitations, (Galow, 1980). Similarly, the analysis will clarify, highlight, define and summarize the perception of patient advocacy in the nursing context. The discussion will explore various definitions of the concept from existing literature and case studies, and break them down into critical features. Aims and purpose of patient advocacy Patient advocacy has always been the focus in the nursing community, but with the intensifying health care dynamics, the need is more intensified. Patient advocacy roles range from helping patients and their families with shifts from clinics to home care, to influencin g government departments for issues of health care. Patient advocacy as a concept entails analyzing, reacting, counseling and whistle blowing to help and enhance health care quality for patients, (Bu & Jezewsky, 2006). Doctors promote transit and strive to safeguard the security, health, liberty and rights of their patients. Patient advocacy denotes that role of policymakers, legitimate professionals and advocates who work to enhance health care for patients marginalized and oppressed by social and cultural stigmatizing diseases like HIV. Similarly, given the multiple contexts in which patient advocacy concept is applied, studies can aid advocates better explore the concept, a task vital for enhancing both applied and professional efforts to enhance the quality of health care, (Berns & Newberry 2000). Patient advocacy ensures that issues and concerns of patients and their families are communicated and addressed appropriately and at the right time. Patients are intensively sensitive to diseases, (McDonald, 2007). Clinicians, in most cases, decide the best practices for the patients regardless of the patient interests and wishes but sometimes out of necessity, (Curtin & Thomas, 2006). Similarly, when the patient or caregiver is afraid to provide information, the doctor must speak for the family. Sometimes it implies death or life. Sometimes, it can offer help for the family, and their patient

Underrepresentation of african americn women in higher education Dissertation

Underrepresentation of african americn women in higher education administrative positions - Dissertation Example Underrepresentation of african americn women in higher education administrative positions The main purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the poor representation of African American women in higher education administrative posts in public institutions of higher education. A Synopsis of African American women The end Civil War manifested an innovative period for education and occupation for African American women, while the passage of the Land Grant College Act and the accompanying Act of 1890, which entailed the allocation of black American education, marked an innovative commencement for civic higher learning . Previously, women and African Americans were basically not included in institutions of higher learning. African American women first obtained entry to institutions of higher learning in the United States when 1837 students where admitted at Oberlin College after Harvard College was developed for the teaching of young men. This was the starting point for women in official higher learning. Later on, African American women were enrolled to and gained degrees from Oberlin College. Among them was Lucy Session who graduated with a literary degree from Oberlin College. This made her the first black woman to obtain a degree in the United States, and Mary Jane Patterson who graduated with a B.A. degree from the same Oberlin College. She was the first black woman to obtain a bachelor’s degree in the United States. Apart from obtaining degrees, African American women were elected as administrators at higher learning institutions. Coppin was appointed the principal of the Institution for Colored Youth in 1869; this made her the first black woman to head a higher learning institution in the United States (Littlefield, 1997). At the department of Lincoln University, Silone Yates was made the professor and head of the Natural Sciences in 1889 (Littlefield, 1979). During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a change for African American women was developed. Nevertheless, African American women’s first entry into higher lear ning institution was not simple. Just the way as, Solomon (1985) illustrated, in the previous nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century, the black university woman was the exclusion of the exceptions in that both white and black required her. Regardless of the opposition, African American women pressed forward for highly developed learning. Thirty black women in 1890 in the United States had obtained degrees, as compared to three hundred Black men and two thousand five hundred white women. According to a research study conducted by Dubois, two hundred and twenty five Black women had gained degrees, sixty five from Oberlin College. From these figures the progress was protracted, although the amount of African American women gaining degrees at higher learning institutions was increasing. At the commencement of the twentieth century, African Americans’ women contribution in higher learning improved. This was a period of expansion for African Americans. The National Associati on for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was developed after the migration of many African Americans (NAACP, 2002). African American women aimed at making social change within the society. They advocated for an increase societal literacy in the African American society and endorse â€Å"racial strength.† They kept on becoming the first African American and the first women in most areas of higher learning. During 1920’s, many institutions and association were developed mainly for African American women in higher learning. Bennett College, developed as a coeducational organization in 1873, turned to a university for women (Littlefield, 199

Davis v. The Board of County Commissioners of Doa Ana County Essay

Davis v. The Board of County Commissioners of Doa Ana County - Essay Example This made Herrera resign from his work in order to evade the disciplinary action. After a few days, the supervisor wrote a letter on behalf of Herrera to the MVH revealing that Herrera was an excellent worker arguing that he was confident that other prospective employees will notice (Walsh (2010, p. 148). Another supervisor of the Detention Centre made some verbal references that praised Herrera as a good worker who will contribute to effective organization performance. This made the plaintiff, the third party in this case to sue the Detention County for negligent misinterpretations of providing misleading information. This misinformation was provided by Mochen and Steele, employees at the Detention Center, which enabled Herrera to be employed again at the MVH. This legal issue was seen as a threat to employee; thus the plaintiff to be assaulted; hence sorted to accuse the board of county commissioners of Dona Ana County. The court concludes that Dona Ana Country deserves to be accountable for negligent referral (misinterpretation) due to positive references. When Herrera got a position as mental health technician, he was allegedly accused of sex assault by the plaintiff and physically abused female patients. In case an organization provides misleading references that can contribute to harm of employees in the new job, the jurisdictions have the right to sue that organization for negligent referral. According to Kohn, Kohn and Colapinto (2004), the court of appeal has the right to judge Steele and Mochen for not taking into considerations the harm caused to the third party and the risk that may be encountered in the end. The government has laws that protect all employees and the third parties in an organization from any harm imposed upon them. The US departments of Labor and its divisions have varied laws, which can shield third parties or employees in the workplace. Cases of negligent or a misinterp retation of any information provided

Sales Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sales Letter - Essay Example ABC Insurance is fast becoming the brand of trust in the industry as can be depicted from various national and international reports and articles. ABC Insurance believes that the companies that are running in different spheres successfully looks for profit from every possible transaction as it is not possible for the organizations otherwise, to create value for the shareholders. In order to maintain such objective, ABC Insurance proposes your company of repute to provide insurance coverage of all the real estate properties that XYZ Body Shop Company owns globally. You would be happy to know that ABC Insurance have special policy schemes designed only for the XYZ Body Shop Company that guarantees at least 25% lesser premium compared to the rates prevalent in the industry. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that ABC Insurance would take every possible ways to come up with customized schemes for XYZ Body Shop Company that would have positive and mutually beneficial impacts on the businesses of both the corporations. ABC Insurance is all set to provide $ 100 credit to all the customers of XYZ Body Shop Company if we are provided the opportunity to insure the auto segment too. And this is not any marketing gimmick. My company is ready to credit $ 100 on the estimated repairs of the customers as we would underwrite a new auto insurance which would help in reducing the overall cost of repair. Not only these, we would also like to increase the credit limit that would be available to the customers, which could be finalized as and when the business progresses. ABC Insurance is a name in the industry of insurance and we have client base from almost all of the spheres of the industry. It includes from real estate construction to financial institutions, from consumer goods to hospitality industry and many other. And, it is fact that all the clients have huge banks of

Carbon credit

Carbon credit Carbon credits is a mechanism adopted by national and international governments to mitigate the effects of Green House Gases(GHGs). One Carbon Credit is equal to one ton of Carbon. Greenhouse Gases are capped and markets are used to regulate the emissions from the sources. The idea is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in the direction of low Greenhouse Gases(GHGs). These mitigation projects generate credits, which can be traded in the international markets for monetary benefits. There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon offsetters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects. The quality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project. This is reflected in their price; voluntary units typically have less value than the units sold through the rigorously-validated Clean Development Mechanism. Background Fossil Fuels are the major source of Greehouse Gas Emissions. Industries such as Power, Textile, Fertilizer use fossil fuels for their high volumes of operations. The major greenhouse gases emitted by these industries are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), etc, all of which increase the atmospheres ability to trap infrared energy and thus affect the climate. The increasing awareness about the environmental degradation gave rise to the concept called Carbon Credit. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has observed that: Policies that provide a real or implicit price of carbon could create incentives for producers and consumers to significantly invest in low-GHG products, technologies and processes. Such policies could include economic instruments, government funding and regulation, while noting that a tradable permit system is one of the policy instruments that has been shown to be environmentally effective in the industrial sector, as long as there are reasonable levels of predictability over the initial allocation mechanism and price. The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement between more than 170 countries, and the market mechanisms were agreed through the subsequent Accords. Emission Allowances The Protocol agreed caps or quotas on the maximum amount of Greenhouse gases for developed and developing countries. In turn these countries set quotas on the emissions of installations run by local business and other organizations, generically termed operators. Countries manage this through their own national registries, which are required to be validated and monitored for compliance by the UNFCCC. Each operator has an allowance of credits, where each unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have not used up their quotas can sell their unused allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that are about to exceed their quotas can buy the extra allowances as credits, privately or on the open market. As demand for energy grows over time, the total emissions must still stay within the cap, but it allows industry some flexibility and predictability in its planning to accommodate this. By permitting allowances to be bought and sold, an operator can seek out the most cost-effective way of reducing its emissions, either by investing in cleaner machinery and practices or by purchasing emissions from another operator who already has excess capacity. Since 2005, the Kyoto mechanism has been adopted for CO2 trading by all the countries within the European Union under its European Trading Scheme (EU ETS) with the European Commission as its validating authority. From 2008, EU participants must link with the other developed countries who ratified the protocol, and trade the six most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gases. In the United States, which has not ratified Kyoto, and Australia, whose ratification came into force in March 2008, similar schemes are being considered. Kyotos Flexible Mechanisms A credit can be an emissions allowance which was originally allocated or auctioned by the national administrators of a cap-and-trade program, or it can be an offset of emissions. Such offsetting and mitigating activities can occur in any developing country which has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and has a national agreement in place to validate its carbon project through one of the UNFCCCs approved mechanisms. Once approved, these units are termed Certified Emission Reductions, or CERs. The Protocol allows these projects to be constructed and credited in advance of the Kyoto trading period. The Kyoto Protocol provides for three mechanisms that enable countries or operators in developed countries to acquire greenhouse gas reduction credit. Under Joint Implementation (JI) a developed country with relatively high costs of domestic greenhouse reduction would set up a project in another developed country. Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) a developed country can sponsor a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is usually much lower, but the atmospheric effect is globally equivalent. The developed country would be given credits for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would receive the capital investment and clean technology or beneficial change in land use. Under International Emissions Trading (IET) countries can trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in allowances. Countries with surplus credits can sell them to countries with capped emission commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon projects can be created by a national government or by an operator within the country. Emission Markets One allowance or CER is considered equivalent to one metric tonne of CO2 emissions. These allowances can be sold privately or in the international market at the prevailing market price. Each international transfer is validated by the UNFCCC. Climate exchanges have been established to provide a spot market in allowances, as well as futures and options market to help discover a market price and maintain liquidity. Carbon prices are normally quoted in Euros per tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent (CO2e). Other greenhouse gasses can also be traded, but are quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide with respect to their global warming potential. These features reduce the quotas financial impact on business, while ensuring that the quotas are met at a national and international level. Many companies now engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs to generate credits that can be sold on one of the exchanges. Managing emissions is one of the fastest-growing segments in financial services in the City of London with a market now worth about â‚ ¬30 billion, but which could grow to â‚ ¬1 trillion within a decade. Louis Redshaw, head of environmental markets at Barclays Capital predicts that Carbon will be the worlds biggest commodity market, and it could become the worlds biggest market overall. Setting A Market Price For Carbon Energy usage and emissions should be kept under constant check else they will only rise over time. Hence the number of companies needing to buy credits will increase over the period of time. This Supply-Demand for credits will determine the price of the Carbon which will in turn encourage companies to go cleaner. An individual allowance, such as a Kyoto Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) or its near-equivalent European Union Allowance (EUA), may have a different market value to an offset such as a CER. This is due to the lack of a developed secondary market for CERs, a lack of homogeneity between projects which causes difficulty in pricing. Additionally, offsets generated by a carbon project under the Clean Development Mechanism are potentially limited in value because operators in the EU ETS are restricted as to what percentage of their allowance can be met through these flexible mechanisms. Raising the price of carbon will achieve four goals. First, it will provide signals to consumers about what goods and services are high-carbon ones and should therefore be used more sparingly. Second, it will provide signals to producers about which inputs use more carbon (such as coal and oil) and which use less or none (such as natural gas or nuclear power), thereby inducing firms to substitute low-carbon inputs. Third, it will give market incentives for inventors and innovators to develop and introduce low-carbon products and processes that can replace the current generation of technologies. Fourth, and most important, a high carbon price will economize on the information that is required to do all three of these tasks. Through the market mechanism, a high carbon price will raise the price of products according to their carbon content Criticisms Environmental restrictions and activities have been imposed on businesses through regulation. Many are uneasy with this approach to managing emissions. The Kyoto mechanism is the only internationally-agreed mechanism for regulating carbon credit activities, and, crucially, includes checks for additionality and overall effectiveness. Its supporting organisation, the UNFCCC, is the only organisation with a global mandate on the overall effectiveness of emission control systems, although enforcement of decisions relies on national co-operation. The Kyoto trading period only applies for five years between 2008 and 2012. The first phase of the EU ETS system started before then, and is expected to continue in a third phase afterwards, and may co-ordinate with whatever is internationally-agreed at but there is general uncertainty as to what will be agreed in Post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions. As business investment often operates over decades, this adds risk and uncertainty to their plans. As several countries responsible for a large proportion of global emissions (notably USA, Australia, China) have avoided mand atory caps, this also means that businesses in capped countries may perceive themselves to be working at a competitive disadvantage against those in uncapped countries as they are now paying for their carbon costs directly. A key concept behind the cap and trade system is that national quotas should be chosen to represent genuine and meaningful reductions in national output of emissions. Not only does this ensure that overall emissions are reduced but also that the costs of emissions trading are carried fairly across all parties to the trading system. However, governments of capped countries may seek to unilaterally weaken their commitments, as evidenced by the 2006 and 2007 National Allocation Plans for several countries in the EU ETS, which were submitted late and then were initially rejected by the European Commission for being too lax. A question has been raised over the grandfathering of allowances. Countries within the EU ETS have granted their incumbent businesses most or all of their allowances for free. This can sometimes be perceived as a protectionist obstacle to new entrants into their markets. There have also been accusations of power generators getting a windfall profit by passing on these emissions charges to their customers. As the EU ETS moves into its second phase and joins up with Kyoto, it seems likely that these problems will be reduced as more allowances will be auctioned. Establishing a meaningful offset project is complex: voluntary offsetting activities outside the CDM mechanism are effectively unregulated and there have been criticisms of offsetting in these unregulated activities. This particularly applies to some voluntary corporate schemes in uncapped countries and for some personal carbon offsetting schemes. There have also been concerns raised over the validation of CDM credits. One concern has related to the accurate assessment of additionality. Others relate to the effort and time taken to get a project approved. Questions may also be raised about the validation of the effectiveness of some projects; it appears that many projects do not achieve the expected benefit after they have been audited, and the CDM board can only approve a lower amount of CER credits. For example, it may take longer to roll out a project than originally planned, or an afforestation project may be reduced by disease or fire. For these reasons some countries place additional restrictions on their local implementations and will not allow credits for some types of carbon sink activity, such as forestry or land use projects. Carbon Tax Carbon tax is a form of pollution tax. It levies a fee on the production, distribution or use of fossil fuels based on how much carbon their combustion emits. The government sets a price per ton on carbon. Carbon tax also makes alternative energy more cost-competitive with cheaper, polluting fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. Carbon tax is based on the economic principle of negative externalities. Externalities are costs or benefits generated by the production of goods and services. Negative externalities are costs that are not paid for. When utilities, businesses or homeowners consume fossil fuels, they create pollution that has a societal cost; everyone suffers from the effects of pollution. Proponents of a carbon tax believe that the price of fossil fuels should account for these societal costs. Benefits The primary purpose of carbon tax is to lower greenhouse-gas emissions. The tax charges a fee on fossil fuels based on how much carbon they emit when burned (more on that later). So in order to reduce the fees, utilities, business and individuals attempt to use less energy derived from fossil fuels. An individual might switch to public transportation and replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). A business might increase energy efficiency by installing new appliances or updating heating and cooling systems. And since carbon tax sets a definite price on carbon, there is a guaranteed return on expensive efficiency investments. Carbon tax also encourages alternative energy by making it cost-competitive with cheaper fuels. A tax on a plentiful and inexpensive fuel like coal raises its per British Thermal Unit (Btu) price to one comparable with cleaner forms of power. A Btu is a standard measure of heat energy used in industry. The money that is raised by carbon tax can help subsidize environmental programs or be issued as a rebate. Many fans of carbon tax believe in progressive tax-shifting. This would mean that some of the tax burden would shift away from federal income tax and state sales tax. Economists like carbon tax for its predictability. The price of carbon under cap-and-trade schemes can fluctuate with weather and changing economic conditions. This is because cap-and-trade schemes set a definite limit on emissions, not a definite price on carbon. Carbon tax is stable. Businesses and utilities would know the price of carbon and where it was headed. They could then invest in alternative energy and increased energy efficiency based on that knowledge. Its also easier for people to understand carbon tax. The Logistics of Carbon Tax The carbon content of oil, coal and gas varies. Proponents of a carbon tax want to encourage the use of efficient fuels. If all fuel types were taxed equally by weight or volume, there would be no incentive to use cleaner sources like natural gas over dirtier, cheaper ones like coal. To fairly reflect carbon content, the tax has to be based on Btu heat units something standardized and quantifiable instead of unrelated units like weight or volume. Each fuel variety also has its own carbon content. Bituminous coal, for instance, contains considerably more carbon than lignite coal. Residual fuel oil contains more carbon than gasoline. Every fuel variety needs to have its own rate based on its Btu heat content. Carbon tax can be levied at different points of production and consumption. Some taxes target the top of the supply chain the transaction between producers like coal mines and oil wellheads and suppliers like coal shippers and oil refiners. Some taxes affect distributors the oil companies and utilities. And other taxes charge consumers directly through electric bills. Different carbon taxes, both real and theoretical, support varying points of implementation. The only carbon tax in the United States, a municipal tax in Boulder, Colo., taxes the consumers homeowners and businesses. People in Boulder pay a fee based on the number of kilowatt hours of electricity they use. Like Boulder, Sweden also taxes the consumption end. The national carbon tax charges homeowners a full rate and halves it for industry. Utilities are not charged at all. Since the majority of Swedish power consumption goes to heat, and because the tax exempts renewable energy sources like those derived from plants, the biofuel industry has blossomed since 1991. Even though the tax is toward the top end, companies can, and probably will, pass on some of the cost to consumers by charging more for energy. Its easier to tax consumption than production. Consumers are more willing to pay the extra $16 a year for a carbon tax. Producers are usually not. Taxes on production can also be economically disruptive and make domestic energy more expensive than foreign imports. Thats why existing carbon taxes target consumers, or, in the case of Quebec, energy and oil companies. Carbon tax has a patchy history around the world. Its widely accepted only in Northern Europe Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Sweden all tax carbon in some form. Carbon Tax Vs Carbon Credit Carbon Tax is better alternative than Carbon Credit mainly because of the following six reasons Energy Prices are easily predictable by the mechanism of tax than by the mechanism of Cap and Trade. The high volatility of the carbon credits that are generated by the mechanism of Cap and Trade has consistently discouraged energy efficient schemes. Tax system can be quickly implemented than Cap and Trade. Since the environment is getting polluted at a faster rate, it is high time that necessary actions are taken quickly and efficiently. Tax system Carbon taxes are transparent and easily understandable, making them more likely to garner public support than complex Cap and Trade. Carbon taxes cannot be easily manipulated and hence cannot be easily exploited whereas the complexity of Cap and Trade always provides room for exploitation for special interests Carbon taxes address emissions of carbon from every sector, whereas some cap-and-trade systems discussed to date have only targeted the electricity industry. Carbon tax revenues would most likely be returned to the public through dividends or progressive tax-shifting, while the costs of cap-and-trade systems are likely to become a hidden tax as dollars flow to market participants, lawyers and consultants. Carbon Taxes Will Lend Predictability to Energy Prices. With carbon taxes ramped up through a multi-year phase-in, future energy and power prices can be predicted with a reasonable degree of confidence well ahead of time. This will make it possible for literally millions of energy-critical decisions — from the design of new electricity generating plants to the purchase of the family car to the materials used in commercial airframes — to be made with full cognizance of carbon-appropriate price signals. In contrast, a cap-and-trade program will worsen the volatility of energy prices since the price of carbon allowances will fluctuate as weather and economic factors affect the demand for energy. The vaunted advantage of cap-and-trade — that future levels of carbon emissions can be known ahead of time — is mostly notional. And even certainty in future emission levels is of questionable value, since there is no agreed-upon trajectory of emissions for achieving climate stability and preventing disaster. Carbon Taxes Will Provide Quicker Results. The taxes themselves can be designed and adopted quickly and fairly. Cap-and-trade systems, by contrast, are highly complex and will take years to develop and implement. Disruptive issues must be addressed intellectually and resolved politically; the proper level of the cap, timing, allowance allocations, certification procedures, standards for use of offsets, penalties, regional conflicts, the inevitable requests for exceptions by affected parties and a myriad of other complex issues must all be resolved before cap-and-trade systems can be implemented. During this time, polluters will continue to emit carbon with no cost consequences. Carbon Taxes Are Transparent and Are Easier to Understand than Cap-and-Trade. A carbon tax is transparent and easy to understand; the government simply imposes a tax per ton of carbon emitted, which is easily translated into a tax per kWh of electricity, gallon of gasoline or therm of natural gas. By contrast, the prices for carbon set under a cap-and-trade system will vary with market fluctuations and be impossible even for big to predict. A cap-and-trade system will require a complex and difficult to understand market structure in order to balance the many competing interests and ensure that the trading system minimizes distortions and maximizes real carbon reductions. A Carbon Taxs Simplicity prevents it Against Incentives and Potential for vested interests that Will Accompany Cap-and-Trade. In contrast to the simple and straightforward process of implementing a carbon tax, the protracted negotiations necessary to implement a cap-and-trade system will provide constant opportunities for the fossil fuel industry and other invested parties to shape a system that maximizes their financial self-interests as opposed to an economically efficient system that maximizes societal well-being. If allowances are allocated based on some type of baseline reflecting past pollution (which has been the practice with NOx and SO2trading programs), rather than being auctioned, polluters will have perverse incentives to maximize emissions before the cap-and-trade system goes into effect in order to â€Å"earn† those pollution rights. Carbon Taxes Address All Sectors and Activities Producing Carbon Emissions. Carbon taxes target carbon emissions in all sectors — energy, industry and transportation — whereas at least some cap-and-trade proposals are limited to the electric industry. It would be unwise to ignore the non-electricity sectors that account for more than 50% of CO2 emissions. Carbon Taxes Can Produce a Far More Equitable Result than Cap-and-Trade. As discussed in our Issue Paper, Managing the Impacts, carbon tax revenues can be returned through dividends or can be used to fund progressive tax-shifting to reduce regressive sales taxes. The costs of cap-and-trade systems, both implementation and the costs incurred as more expensive technologies replace older and less expensive coal-fired combustion, are far more likely to be imposed upon consumers with less possibility of rebating or tax-shifting. Moreover, because cap-and-trade relies on market participants to determine a fair price for carbon allowances on an ongoing basis, the complications involved are severe with economists, lawyers and politicians getting involved constantly.